How has war and conflict contributed to changes in Mental health treatment in America?
reflection #1
Since my group and I started symposium we have changed our topic once. We decided the change of our topic because what we found was more interesting to what we had. Our new topic is about the reality behind mental asylums or as their now known today as Mental Psychiatric hospitals. We are curious and want to dig deeper as to most people know metal asylums were not always as good as they may be today. There may have been some new laws passed in the past few years but are they really following them? Are the patients being treated fairly? Are they being taken care of in good ways? Are they taking the right medicines or the right amounts of medicine? are questions we are asking ourselves. We have found a few articles about issues like these from the few past years and they have proven some of our theories. One article states that patients are being treated cruelly like animals. In the same article it also states that some patients are being overdosed by medicines or drugs they don't need as they are given these so they won't be a bother. In another article the same problem about being drugged was said as it states a man wrote letter to a family member for help. As we have found mental institutions even if they seem good they aren't always what they seem to be and overdosing of unneeded medicine is one of the major problems. Over the little time that I have researched the truth behind mental asylums I have found out things that didn't even come to my mind before like that the patients are unnecessarily being drugged just so they wouldn't have to be taken care of. I hope to find out more information about patients and how they are really treated. As far as we have been working my group and I have wonderfully together.
Reflection #2
Yes our driving was changed from the last time. Things that i found out were that mental asylums have changed in america from world war II time. We are doing an interview on a person that is an expert on this topic. We are doing an interview to find out more about this topic as not everyone knows many of the things that actually happened. I need to make sure we get a good interview to have good and real information. We still need to send the interview email to the person were going to interview. We also need to find article #7 with more information. My group and i have been working both hard and together so far.
SLR
Generalizations : Language of the discipline, contribution, proof, impact, and changes over time
our trifold
SLR
Driving Question:
How has war and conflict contributed to changes in mental health treatment in America?
Language of the discipline
Psychiatrists- a medical practitioner specializing in the diagnosis and treatment of mental illness.
CONTRIBUTION
CHANGE GENERATES ADDITIONAL CHANGE
CHANGE #1 - The increasing number of soldiers who needed mental health treatment during WWII generated change in America.
CHANGE #2 - The dissenters or conscientious objectors(like reporters)of wars were partly responsible for changing, improving mental health treatments.
CHANGE #3 - The number of psychiatrists and experts from Europe who moved to America to flee the conflict of WWII changed America’s role in the world of mental illness.
Proof
Proof
CHANGE CAN EITHER BE POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE.
Due to wars, there were positive and negative effects/changes made in the world of mental health :
POSITIVE CHANGES:
WWII and WW1
Vietnam War
Iraq and Afghanistan War
NEGATIVE CHANGES:
World war II
The war brought many soldiers to the need of mental institutions.
Inside the institutions patients received different types of treatments to calm episodes or any types of breakdowns but these treatments weren’t all that safe:
Lobotomies- a operation done to the brain that can damaged brain tissue:
After the war ended the soldiers started to experience mental problems like depression, anxiety and PTSD.
CHANGE IS INEVITABLE
Change being inevitable means that change will happen no matter what. Due to some wars around the world, the fact that change would happen is supported by…
IMPACT
CHANGE IS NECESSARY FOR GROWTH
Many of the changes and mistakes that occurred were necessary for improvements to be made.
CHANGE CAN BE EVOLUTIONARY OR REVOLUTIONARY.
EVOLUTIONARY - When change naturally happens as time goes on and new developments happen.
Community hospitals and asylums
CHANGES OVER TIME
Maps of Mental institutions in Orange CA
Psychiatric Hospital List:
12 mental institutions in LA area vs. the number of all US pediatric hospitals (total 401)
Augustus F. Hawkins Mental Health Center *
Ward C
1720 East 120th Street
Los Angeles, CA 90059
(310) 668-8212, 8108
Aurora Charter Oak Hospital
1161 East Covina Boulevard
Covina, CA 91724
(626) 966-1632
Adolescent Unit (626) 859-5232
BHC Alhambra Hospital
4619 North Rosemead Boulevard
Rosemead, CA 91770
(626) 286-1191
Youth Services x 212
Canyon Ridge Hospital **
5353 G Street
Chino, CA 91710
(909) 590-3700
Child and Adolescent Services x 6
College Hospital Cerritos
10802 College Place
Cerritos, CA 90703
(562) 924-9581
Youth Services x 1202
College Hospital Costa Mesa
301 Victoria Street Costa Mesa, CA 92627
(949) 642-2734
Adolescent Unit (949) 574-3344
Del Amo Hospital
23700 Camino del Sol
Torrance, CA 90505
(800) 533-5266
Youth Services (310) 784-2272
Gateway Hospital
1891 Effie Street
Los Angeles, CA
(323) 644-2000
Adolescent Unit x 303 or 305
Kedren
4211 South Avalon Boulevard,
Los Angeles, CA 90011
(323) 233-0425
Children’s Inpatient Unit x 130
Aurora Las Encinas Hospital
2900 East Del Mar Boulevard
Pasadena, CA 91107
(626) 795-9901
Children’ Unit (626) 356-2712
Loma Linda University Behavioral Medicine Center **
1710 Barton Road
Redlands, CA 92374
(909) 558-9200
Children’s Unit (909) 558-9218
UCLA NPI *
760 Westwood Avenue
Los Angeles, CA 90095
(310) 825-0511
REFERENCES PAGE
UNANSWERED QUESTION
Ending question: If another war were to occur, will the treatments that have developed over time be enough to prevent as many soldiers from getting mentally ill in America? Why or why not? If not how can we improve it?
Where do I fit in?
How can my community in Santa Ana and I make a difference in the mental health world to impact soldiers in need?
Driving Question:
How has war and conflict contributed to changes in mental health treatment in America?
Language of the discipline
Psychiatrists- a medical practitioner specializing in the diagnosis and treatment of mental illness.
- Mental health treatment- Mental health is a level of psychological well-being, or an absence of mental illness. It is the "psychological state of someone who is functioning at a satisfactory level of emotional and behavioral adjustment
- conscientious objectors- a person who for reasons of conscience objects to serving in the armed forces.
- Psychiatric facilities- Asylums, are hospitals or wards specializing in the treatment of serious psychiatric illnesses, such as clinical depression, schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder.
- Soldiers- a person who serves in an army.
- Veterans- a person who has had long experience in a particular field
CONTRIBUTION
CHANGE GENERATES ADDITIONAL CHANGE
CHANGE #1 - The increasing number of soldiers who needed mental health treatment during WWII generated change in America.
- Soldiers were sent to either work at a office or at a mental asylum
- Only 62% were working inside the institutions
- According to Lloyd(summer 8-5-2015) “To the American public, psychiatry was still something to be suspicious of, and misconceptions of the nature of treatment and about those deemed to be mentally ill were as prevalent in 1941 as they were in 1920” (pg.10)
CHANGE #2 - The dissenters or conscientious objectors(like reporters)of wars were partly responsible for changing, improving mental health treatments.
- In the vietnam war photographers changed the way of how people saw soldiers/veterans which lead to the process of taking mental illnesses seriously.
- This made people realized how veterans impacted the war and became an important part of how America overlooked it
- According to Lloyd, university of Washington(summer 8-5-2015) “Psychiatric facilities drew journalistic curiosity and attacks, alerting both the state governments and the public to the failing standards of care”(pg.1)
- There was a small amount of reporters that would go inside mental institutions to do an undercover investigations
- Those reporters would some how manage to get out without being detected by employees, then later on the institutions would be shut down because of its horrific conditions
- It was also stated by psychiatrists that the number of people going into the mental asylums caused the system to become disorganized.
- They struggled to keep standards for care and conduct but eventually it was their last resort.
CHANGE #3 - The number of psychiatrists and experts from Europe who moved to America to flee the conflict of WWII changed America’s role in the world of mental illness.
- Once the psychiatrists and experts heard of the awful condition in America they acted upon it and headed there as fast as they could to lend their help and support.
- These across the board instances of psychiatric ailment among those accepted to be the most grounded and fittest of American culture attracted national consideration regarding the squeezing requirement for psychiatric administrations in the Assembled States, and clarified a formerly ignored idea: dysfunctional behavior was not really intrinsic
- These experts specialized in all that caused mental illness
- The normal solid individual could encounter injury and mental meltdown, creating mental difficulties thus, the treatment of which was currently made more open than any other time in recent memory
- Since professional help was provided in America the consequences and effects of world war II was reduced.
Proof
Proof
CHANGE CAN EITHER BE POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE.
Due to wars, there were positive and negative effects/changes made in the world of mental health :
POSITIVE CHANGES:
WWII and WW1
- Test were made to make the psychiatric field more effective to patients in the war
- According to the research done by Lloyd( summer 8-5-2004) “Despite the psychological fallout of the First World War and the degenerating state of public psychiatric resources, to the psychological community the sheer scale of psychometric testing done over the course of the war was interpreted as a success” (pg.9)
- World War II changed the American mental field, bringing the treatment of emotional wellness out of state healing facilities and shelters and making mental solution accessible to the normal individual
- military was anxious for the chance to gather the finest battling power available, as well as spare resources of labor and funds that would some way or another be connected into treatment for psychiatric losses
Vietnam War
- for quite some time been in the bombs buildup of the military to keep soldiers ready and concentrated on the current mission
- over-sedating warriors with professionally prescribed medications to adapt to the indications of PTSD, by this they are more successful in defeating the enemy
Iraq and Afghanistan War
- Utilizing a concise PTSD screen, benefit individuals were evaluated at their arrival and after that again six months after the fact. Benefit individuals will probably have a positive screen - that is, they demonstrated more PTSD side effects - at the later time.
NEGATIVE CHANGES:
World war II
The war brought many soldiers to the need of mental institutions.
Inside the institutions patients received different types of treatments to calm episodes or any types of breakdowns but these treatments weren’t all that safe:
Lobotomies- a operation done to the brain that can damaged brain tissue:
- According to Phillips (Dec 11, 2013 ) “Many suffered seizures, amnesia and loss of motor skills. Some died from the operation itself” (journal)
- According to Sabbatini (no date)“while it's natural or artificial excess causes hypoglycemia, which leads to a coma and to convulsions, due to the deficit of glucose in the brain cells”(pg 3)
- Metrazol shock therapy- can quickly induces powerful seizures.
- insulin shock therapy- can causes convulsion and coma.
- Electric shock therapy- can passed through the brain with electricity to induce grand mal seizures.
- Some of the treatments that were given to patients were given by force
- The vietnam war caused a lot of damage to not only soldiers but for the people that were trying to cure them
- Hochgesang,Lawyer,Stevenson(July 26, 1999)“Among those still suffering are several veterans who have felt forgotten, unappreciated, and even discriminated against. For some of them ' the trauma of their battle experiences or their physical disabilities have shattered their lives” (2).
- During the war many officers appreciated heroin superior to weed (given by veterans) since it accelerated the impression of time, while maryjane backed it off, but this affected their relationships with others
After the war ended the soldiers started to experience mental problems like depression, anxiety and PTSD.
- PTSD( post traumatic stress disorder) increased during this war
- According to Tanielian and Ramchand (June 4, 2015)“And among service members previously deployed to Iraq and Afghanistan who are not seeking treatment, an estimated 5 to 20 percent have PTSD.”
- PTSD can lead to an act of depression which can lead to suicide. Suicide is increased when a person leaves the military in the same
- Of specific concern is a review quite recently distributed in JAMA Psychiatry that appeared, surprisingly, that the hazard for suicide increments once a man leaves dynamic military administration. Our current survey of the writing uncovers unsettling discoveries from a few different reviews, flagging disaster for the country's veterans and the frameworks that look after them if the issues distinguished are not tended to soon
- Other illnesses such as depression are being diagnosed
- in 2014 demonstrates that military parental figures additionally confront an expanded mental and social weight, with 40 percent of post-9/11 guardians meeting side effect criteria for misery, contrasted with 10 percent of non-parental figures
CHANGE IS INEVITABLE
Change being inevitable means that change will happen no matter what. Due to some wars around the world, the fact that change would happen is supported by…
- In all wars soldiers getting ill caused there to be more experts involved in mental health treatments.
- WW2 The fact many men would have to go fight
- Ten million men were put into the military amid World War II. Be that as it may, more than 40,000 declined to go to war. Some were even compelled to join the armed force
IMPACT
CHANGE IS NECESSARY FOR GROWTH
Many of the changes and mistakes that occurred were necessary for improvements to be made.
- There were different kinds of programs for soldiers to improve their mental health and the reason for development was to be used on men that were capable of handling it. They also thought that it was a way to decrease the patients that were most likely to brake and decrease the mental health problems during deployment.
- WWI - Nodjimbadem (APRIL 4, 2017) states that “All of the major countries developed these “reconstruction” programs to treat injured soldiers and send them home as functioning members of society.”
- In WWII the screening program was developed. The screening program’s goal was to balance the characteristics within each soldier, in other words it would control a nervous breakdown from occurring to that person. These facilities contained lots of patients diagnosed with post combat psychiatric disorders such as PTSD, schizophrenia and mental retardation. Unfortunately over time studies showed that the screening program had not impacted the soldiers the way it was suppose to when it was developed but it caused experts to research its causes over time.
- In Iraq and Afghanistan there were about 200 programs that were fired up that took place in military facilities. Many of the programs they created were in the Madigan Army Medical Center.
- After the Vietnam War soldiers developed the process of having episodes and recovering from them, unfortunately psychiatric experts didn't pay much attention to the patient's conditions.
- According to Pols and Oak(2007 December) “As a consequence, military psychiatrists devoted relatively little attention to postwar psychiatric syndromes.” Therefore this became a bigger problem than it needed to be, later on it caused soldiers to develop PTSD. As a result some of the veterans developed the same illness.
CHANGE CAN BE EVOLUTIONARY OR REVOLUTIONARY.
EVOLUTIONARY - When change naturally happens as time goes on and new developments happen.
- Therapy involving therapist to help a soldier with anxiety and depression has managed to change some of the lives of soldiers.
- Lloyd (summer 8-5-2015) “Psychoanalytic therapy, Freud’s “talking cure,” had of course been utilized by clinical psychologists in past years, but in the years between 1918 and 1941 was developed upon for therapeutic use to a much higher extent than ever before, and well on its way to becoming one of the most important technical contributions to psychiatry”(pg. 8)
- The two Northfield tests, for which Northfield has turned out to be celebrated, celebrated the gathering as a social unit and elevated adjustment to the necessities and estimations of society as the course to emotional wellness
- medicine/prescription drugs were used as a treatment for people with mental illnesses, to affect the nervous system and brain. Theses kinds of medications evolved over time helping today's world of mental health treatment.
- WWII - According to Pols and Oak (2007 December) “They injected traumatized soldiers with sodium pentothal, which induced a dream state, and subsequently encouraged their patients to reexperience their traumatic experiences, which thereby would loosen the experiences’ stranglehold on their minds.” The treatments they gave in September 1, 1939 – September 2, 1945 the year of WWII, wasn’t the most effective way to try and cure a soldiers mental health but this was most likely happening in other wars( such as the Vietnam War, Iraq and Afghanistan war) as well. The treatments were focused mainly on soldiers that were fit enough to fight.
- Nuplazid of 2016 - treatment of hallucinations and delusions
- According to the research conducted by the CenterWatch (1995-2017)“Nuplazid 34 mg (n=95) was statistically significantly superior to placebo (n=90) in decreasing the frequency and/or severity of hallucinations and delusions in patients with PDP as measured by central, independent, and blinded raters using the SAPS-PD scale.”
- Bunavail of 2014 - treatment of opioid dependence
- According to the research conducted by the CenterWatch (1995-2017)“The studies demonstrated that key pharmacokinetic parameters, maximum drug plasma concentration (Cmax) and total drug exposure (area under the curve or AUC), for buprenorphine were comparable to Suboxone, and that the same parameters for naloxone were similar or less than Suboxone.”
- Government funding was used for the sake of treating the mentally ill and injuries of people in America.
- Psychiatric service was provided because of government funding
- High cases of psychiatric setbacks among troopers amid the war provoked the heading of government subsidizing into psychological wellness administrations like never before,by arranging proficient preparing programs for clinicians and advisors and giving assets through group wellbeing focuses and the Veterans Organization
- Lloyd ( summer 8-5-2015) “World War II would shift this balance, with only 62 percent of psychiatrists practicing in institutions in 1946, and the intervention of federal funding and policies working to fill the ranks of available trained staff and professional to provide mental health care, institutionally and privately” (pg.7)
- Therefore the effect of the war caused people to react quickly and do something about it.
Community hospitals and asylums
- Sick soldiers who battled in the frontlines were taken to mental institutions because of their serious conditions due to fighting in the war
- These mental facilities improved over time in various ways than anyone could ever imagine
- The treatments have improved and the living conditions
CHANGES OVER TIME
Maps of Mental institutions in Orange CA
Psychiatric Hospital List:
12 mental institutions in LA area vs. the number of all US pediatric hospitals (total 401)
Augustus F. Hawkins Mental Health Center *
Ward C
1720 East 120th Street
Los Angeles, CA 90059
(310) 668-8212, 8108
Aurora Charter Oak Hospital
1161 East Covina Boulevard
Covina, CA 91724
(626) 966-1632
Adolescent Unit (626) 859-5232
BHC Alhambra Hospital
4619 North Rosemead Boulevard
Rosemead, CA 91770
(626) 286-1191
Youth Services x 212
Canyon Ridge Hospital **
5353 G Street
Chino, CA 91710
(909) 590-3700
Child and Adolescent Services x 6
College Hospital Cerritos
10802 College Place
Cerritos, CA 90703
(562) 924-9581
Youth Services x 1202
College Hospital Costa Mesa
301 Victoria Street Costa Mesa, CA 92627
(949) 642-2734
Adolescent Unit (949) 574-3344
Del Amo Hospital
23700 Camino del Sol
Torrance, CA 90505
(800) 533-5266
Youth Services (310) 784-2272
Gateway Hospital
1891 Effie Street
Los Angeles, CA
(323) 644-2000
Adolescent Unit x 303 or 305
Kedren
4211 South Avalon Boulevard,
Los Angeles, CA 90011
(323) 233-0425
Children’s Inpatient Unit x 130
Aurora Las Encinas Hospital
2900 East Del Mar Boulevard
Pasadena, CA 91107
(626) 795-9901
Children’ Unit (626) 356-2712
Loma Linda University Behavioral Medicine Center **
1710 Barton Road
Redlands, CA 92374
(909) 558-9200
Children’s Unit (909) 558-9218
UCLA NPI *
760 Westwood Avenue
Los Angeles, CA 90095
(310) 825-0511
REFERENCES PAGE
- Hans Pols, Stephanie Oak (2007 December). WAR & Military Mental Health. Retrived from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2089086/
- Components of a modern mental health service: a pragmatic balance of community and hospital care overview of systematic evidence by Graham Thornicoft and Michele Tansella. Retrieved from:
- Aeron S.Lloyd university of Washington- Tacoma campus(Summer 8-5-2015) Mental Health for the Everyman: World War II’s Impact on American Psychology. Retrieved from:
- Joseph Shapiro ( December 30 2009 2:00 PM ET) WWII Pacific's Exposed Mental Ward Horrors. Retrieved from:
- Jess P.Shatkin ( ) The history of Mental Health Treatment
- PTSD: National Center for PTSD, Mental Health Effects of Serving in Afghanistan and Iraq. Retrieved from:
- CenterWatch (1995-2017) FDA Approved Drugs for Psychiatry/Psychology. Retrieved from:
- Nafsika Thalassis (10 July 2007) Soldiers in Psychiatric Therapy: The Case of Northfield Military Hospital 1942–1946. Retrieved from:
- Rudy deLeon (June 25,2015) 5 wars the vietnam war changed america. Retrieved from:
- Terri Tanielian and Rajeev Ramchand (June 4, 2015 )The long trail of war War's impact on mental health stays with soldiers long after they leave Iraq and Afghanistan. Retrived from: https://www.usnews.com/opinion/blogs/policy-dose/2015/06/04/veterans-battle-mental-health-issues-after-iraq-and-afghanistan
- Alexander C McFarlane(2015 Sep 25)The impact of war on mental health: lest we forget. Retrieved from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4592659/
- 10 years later: The Iraq war’s long lasting impact on the U.S politics by Stephanie Condon CBS news March 19,2013
- MICHAEL M. PHILLIPS (Dec 11, 2013 ) The Lobotomy Files: Forgotten Soldiers http://projects.wsj.com/lobotomyfiles/
- Renato M.E. Sabbatini () The History of Shock Therapy in Psychiatry. Retrieved from: http://www.cerebromente.org.br/n04/historia/shock_i.htm
- Josh Hochgesang, Tracye Lawyer, Toby Stevenson (Updated July 26, 1999) The Psychological Effects of the Vietnam War Retrieved from: https://web.stanford.edu/class/e297c/war_peace/media/hpsych.html
UNANSWERED QUESTION
Ending question: If another war were to occur, will the treatments that have developed over time be enough to prevent as many soldiers from getting mentally ill in America? Why or why not? If not how can we improve it?
Where do I fit in?
How can my community in Santa Ana and I make a difference in the mental health world to impact soldiers in need?